2023 · ALL ELECTRIC · US MODEL

Mercedes-Benz
EQS 450 Plus (SUV)

Find your fit. Get to know the range, running costs and everyday details.

Explore versions
Generated illustration of the 2023 Mercedes-Benz EQS 450 Plus (SUV) on EVPage.com
EVPage.com · Generated illustration — not official product photo. Styling and equipment are illustrative; check the vehicle specifications.
Range on a full charge305 miEPA estimate · varies by version
0–60 mph6.5 sSource-reported time
SeatsNot available yetRoom for your everyday journeys
Electricity per year$93912,000 mi · $0.20/kWh

FIND YOUR FIT

Which version suits you?

Compare the versions below. Range is an EPA test estimate; weather, speed and your driving style affect how far you can go.

EQS 450 Plus (SUV) · Rear-Wheel Drive

Range
305 mi
0–60 mph
6.5 s
Electricity / year
$939
Compare this version

Versions may include different wheel sizes or equipment. The figures apply to the versions listed here.

Charging & battery

Charge at home for everyday driving, or use a fast charger when you’re on the road. Peak charging speed is the best-case maximum; actual speed changes as the battery fills.

Charging & battery by version
At a glanceEQS 450 Plus (SUV) · Rear-Wheel Drive
Usable battery107.8 kWh
Total batteryNot available yet
Fast charging, up to200 kW
Home charging, up toNot available yet
Charge from 10–80%Not available yet
Fast-charging plugNot available yet
Heat pumpNot available yet
Power external devicesNot available yet
Tesla Supercharger accessNot available yet

“Offered” may mean optional equipment. Check what is fitted to the car you’re buying. Charging-network access may require a compatible station and an approved adapter. Driver assistance does not replace the driver.

Performance

A quick look at how each version performs.

Performance by version
At a glanceEQS 450 Plus (SUV) · Rear-Wheel Drive
0–60 mph6.5 s
Power265 kW
Torque419 lb-ft
Horsepower355 hp
Top speedNot available yet

Space & everyday use

Room for passengers, luggage and the things you take along.

We’re still checking these details for this version. We’ll add them when they’re available.

Trunk figures use different loading measurements. Towing requires suitable equipment; check the car’s manual before towing.

Size & weight

Check the fit for your garage, parking space and daily routine.

Size & weight by version
At a glanceEQS 450 Plus (SUV) · Rear-Wheel Drive
Length201.8 in
Width, without mirrors77.1 in
Width, with mirrorsNot available yet
Height67.6 in
Wheelbase126.4 in
Weight5,963 lb
Ground clearanceNot available yet

Comfort & technology

Explore the comfort and technology offered for this version.

Comfort & technology by version
At a glanceEQS 450 Plus (SUV) · Rear-Wheel Drive
Apple CarPlayNot available yet
Android AutoNot available yet
Wireless phone chargingOffered
Ventilated seatsOffered
Heated rear seatsOffered
Heated steering wheelOffered
Adaptive cruise controlOffered
Lane keeping assistanceOffered
Automatic emergency brakingOffered
Hands-free drivingNot available yet

“Offered” may mean optional equipment. Check what is fitted to the car you’re buying. Charging-network access may require a compatible station and an approved adapter. Driver assistance does not replace the driver.

Price & battery warranty

A starting point for your budget and longer-term ownership.

Price & battery warranty by version
At a glanceEQS 450 Plus (SUV) · Rear-Wheel Drive
Source-listed base price$104,400 · 2022-04-19
Battery warranty, years10 years
Battery warranty, miles155,000 mi

Prices are from the source on the date shown, before fees and options. Battery coverage ends at the time or mileage limit, whichever comes first; check the manufacturer’s terms.

About these numbers

Range and electricity use come from the EPA. Other details come from the linked sources. Some manufacturer figures may vary by market or equipment.

Sources & measurement details
EQS 450 Plus (SUV) · Rear-Wheel Drive · Manufacturer acceleration time from 0 to 60 mph

6.5 s · Mercedes-Benz USA

Snapshot sha256
94dad63e98cfe8b786b2f0a0631459f7e2375ccec8d9273ed40ce2c8dc7f249c
Reported trim
USMY23 EQS 450 Plus (SUV)
Measurement
Exact SUV columns. System output and estimated acceleration. MSRP excludes1150destination. Charger rating not vehicle peak; no temperature or battery basis. No sedan/year transfer.
EQS 450 Plus (SUV) · Rear-Wheel Drive · Adaptive cruise control offered; standard or optional status requires equipment check

Offered · Mercedes-Benz USA

Snapshot sha256
d31e840f10242b6d37265fbbd56010a459512541efddca0768e684d80298d5d9
Reported trim
USMY23 EQS 450 Plus (SUV)
Measurement
Exact SUV columns. System output and estimated acceleration. MSRP excludes1150destination. Charger rating not vehicle peak; no temperature or battery basis. No sedan/year transfer. Complete table reviewed:explicit length,wheelbase,curb,mirror-labelled width;height only explicit inch cells. EQSSUV width including lacks inch mark,EQB350 height lacks unit;held. Battery gross/net,station-rated charging and time without temperature held. No EQB250plus identity inference or optional seven seats imported. Whole equipment sections reviewed0051: exact standard/optional package limits retained; no hands-free or unnamed platform inference.
Equipment scope
US2023 EQS450plus/4504MATIC/5804MATIC SUV exact EPA: ventilated front seats, wireless front charging and Driver Assistance Package standard. Heated wheel offered with optional Winter Package; heated rear seats optional Winter or Executive Rear Seat Package. Verify fitted equipment. Hands-off detection is not hands-free driving; generic wireless integration does not name phone platforms. No heat-pump or fixed seven-seat inference.
EQS 450 Plus (SUV) · Rear-Wheel Drive · Automatic emergency braking offered

Offered · Mercedes-Benz USA

Snapshot sha256
d31e840f10242b6d37265fbbd56010a459512541efddca0768e684d80298d5d9
Reported trim
USMY23 EQS 450 Plus (SUV)
Measurement
Exact SUV columns. System output and estimated acceleration. MSRP excludes1150destination. Charger rating not vehicle peak; no temperature or battery basis. No sedan/year transfer. Complete table reviewed:explicit length,wheelbase,curb,mirror-labelled width;height only explicit inch cells. EQSSUV width including lacks inch mark,EQB350 height lacks unit;held. Battery gross/net,station-rated charging and time without temperature held. No EQB250plus identity inference or optional seven seats imported. Whole equipment sections reviewed0051: exact standard/optional package limits retained; no hands-free or unnamed platform inference.
Equipment scope
US2023 EQS450plus/4504MATIC/5804MATIC SUV exact EPA: ventilated front seats, wireless front charging and Driver Assistance Package standard. Heated wheel offered with optional Winter Package; heated rear seats optional Winter or Executive Rear Seat Package. Verify fitted equipment. Hands-off detection is not hands-free driving; generic wireless integration does not name phone platforms. No heat-pump or fixed seven-seat inference.
EQS 450 Plus (SUV) · Rear-Wheel Drive · Usable battery energy capacity

107.8 kWh · Mercedes-Benz USA

Snapshot sha256
e90e18102620f0d15fe321712f3253835f7c4b452ac7ca99de678c539aa45df9
Reported trim
Exact manual technical page
Measurement
Exact official manual year/edition/part and technical-page binding. 2023SUVusable107.8andupto200peakDC;2023sedanapprox200peakDC only, batteryblank.2022sedanusable107.8only; unusualapprox148peak in36minexample held for independent exactyearconfirmation. No ACmax, chargingtimewithouttemperature, gross or towing inference.
EQS 450 Plus (SUV) · Rear-Wheel Drive · Reported battery warranty mileage limit; source terms and exclusions apply

155000 mi · Mercedes-Benz USA

Snapshot sha256
6a69f93f8fdc6107e63862c0195f4702808ff7a32a1f6a7acdde45537ae6af0c
Reported trim
Exact US model-year/EPA battery warranty scope; not a price row
Measurement
Original US MY2023 EQ battery warranty: EQB8years/100000miles; EQE/EQS sedan and SUV10years/155000miles,whichever first. Original and subsequent owners. Starts first retail delivery or demonstrator/company service,no later than18months after production; warranty status and maintenance terms apply. Capacity thresholds are stated in Ah: EQE204,EQS192,EQE SUV204,EQS SUV197; EQB133. No conversion to kWh or invented percentage. Repair/replacement restores applicable minimum,not necessarily as-new100%; range estimate is not capacity measurement. Correct maintenance,charging and authorized diagnosis required. Zero charge parked over14days,incompatible charging,unapproved modification,misuse,accident,water/fire,improper repair/storage and insurance write-off excluded. General warranty exclusions apply; no blanket commercial-use exclusion inferred.
Warranty scope
Original US MY2023 EQ battery warranty: EQB8years/100000miles; EQE/EQS sedan and SUV10years/155000miles,whichever first. Original and subsequent owners. Starts first retail delivery or demonstrator/company service,no later than18months after production; warranty status and maintenance terms apply.
Capacity coverage
Capacity thresholds are stated in Ah: EQE204,EQS192,EQE SUV204,EQS SUV197; EQB133. No conversion to kWh or invented percentage. Repair/replacement restores applicable minimum,not necessarily as-new100%; range estimate is not capacity measurement.
Exclusions
Correct maintenance,charging and authorized diagnosis required. Zero charge parked over14days,incompatible charging,unapproved modification,misuse,accident,water/fire,improper repair/storage and insurance write-off excluded. General warranty exclusions apply; no blanket commercial-use exclusion inferred.
EQS 450 Plus (SUV) · Rear-Wheel Drive · Reported battery warranty duration; source terms and exclusions apply

10 years · Mercedes-Benz USA

Snapshot sha256
6a69f93f8fdc6107e63862c0195f4702808ff7a32a1f6a7acdde45537ae6af0c
Reported trim
Exact US model-year/EPA battery warranty scope; not a price row
Measurement
Original US MY2023 EQ battery warranty: EQB8years/100000miles; EQE/EQS sedan and SUV10years/155000miles,whichever first. Original and subsequent owners. Starts first retail delivery or demonstrator/company service,no later than18months after production; warranty status and maintenance terms apply. Capacity thresholds are stated in Ah: EQE204,EQS192,EQE SUV204,EQS SUV197; EQB133. No conversion to kWh or invented percentage. Repair/replacement restores applicable minimum,not necessarily as-new100%; range estimate is not capacity measurement. Correct maintenance,charging and authorized diagnosis required. Zero charge parked over14days,incompatible charging,unapproved modification,misuse,accident,water/fire,improper repair/storage and insurance write-off excluded. General warranty exclusions apply; no blanket commercial-use exclusion inferred.
Warranty scope
Original US MY2023 EQ battery warranty: EQB8years/100000miles; EQE/EQS sedan and SUV10years/155000miles,whichever first. Original and subsequent owners. Starts first retail delivery or demonstrator/company service,no later than18months after production; warranty status and maintenance terms apply.
Capacity coverage
Capacity thresholds are stated in Ah: EQE204,EQS192,EQE SUV204,EQS SUV197; EQB133. No conversion to kWh or invented percentage. Repair/replacement restores applicable minimum,not necessarily as-new100%; range estimate is not capacity measurement.
Exclusions
Correct maintenance,charging and authorized diagnosis required. Zero charge parked over14days,incompatible charging,unapproved modification,misuse,accident,water/fire,improper repair/storage and insurance write-off excluded. General warranty exclusions apply; no blanket commercial-use exclusion inferred.
EQS 450 Plus (SUV) · Rear-Wheel Drive · Manufacturer curb weight; equipment may affect actual weight

5963 lb · Mercedes-Benz USA

Snapshot sha256
d6757308c3037003ba1f1f547607f0757235018359a93f0382170db984d6c0e2
Reported trim
USMY23 EQS 450 Plus (SUV)
Measurement
Exact SUV columns. System output and estimated acceleration. MSRP excludes1150destination. Charger rating not vehicle peak; no temperature or battery basis. No sedan/year transfer. Complete table reviewed:explicit length,wheelbase,curb,mirror-labelled width;height only explicit inch cells. EQSSUV width including lacks inch mark,EQB350 height lacks unit;held. Battery gross/net,station-rated charging and time without temperature held. No EQB250plus identity inference or optional seven seats imported.
EQS 450 Plus (SUV) · Rear-Wheel Drive · Peak DC charging input power

200 kW · Mercedes-Benz USA

Snapshot sha256
e90e18102620f0d15fe321712f3253835f7c4b452ac7ca99de678c539aa45df9
Reported trim
Exact manual technical page
Measurement
Exact official manual year/edition/part and technical-page binding. 2023SUVusable107.8andupto200peakDC;2023sedanapprox200peakDC only, batteryblank.2022sedanusable107.8only; unusualapprox148peak in36minexample held for independent exactyearconfirmation. No ACmax, chargingtimewithouttemperature, gross or towing inference.
EQS 450 Plus (SUV) · Rear-Wheel Drive · Reported EPA combined electric driving range estimate

305 mi · Source

EQS 450 Plus (SUV) · Rear-Wheel Drive · Heated rear seats offered; standard or optional status requires equipment check

Offered · Mercedes-Benz USA

Snapshot sha256
d31e840f10242b6d37265fbbd56010a459512541efddca0768e684d80298d5d9
Reported trim
USMY23 EQS 450 Plus (SUV)
Measurement
Exact SUV columns. System output and estimated acceleration. MSRP excludes1150destination. Charger rating not vehicle peak; no temperature or battery basis. No sedan/year transfer. Complete table reviewed:explicit length,wheelbase,curb,mirror-labelled width;height only explicit inch cells. EQSSUV width including lacks inch mark,EQB350 height lacks unit;held. Battery gross/net,station-rated charging and time without temperature held. No EQB250plus identity inference or optional seven seats imported. Whole equipment sections reviewed0051: exact standard/optional package limits retained; no hands-free or unnamed platform inference.
Equipment scope
US2023 EQS450plus/4504MATIC/5804MATIC SUV exact EPA: ventilated front seats, wireless front charging and Driver Assistance Package standard. Heated wheel offered with optional Winter Package; heated rear seats optional Winter or Executive Rear Seat Package. Verify fitted equipment. Hands-off detection is not hands-free driving; generic wireless integration does not name phone platforms. No heat-pump or fixed seven-seat inference.
EQS 450 Plus (SUV) · Rear-Wheel Drive · Heated steering wheel offered; standard or optional status requires equipment check

Offered · Mercedes-Benz USA

Snapshot sha256
d31e840f10242b6d37265fbbd56010a459512541efddca0768e684d80298d5d9
Reported trim
USMY23 EQS 450 Plus (SUV)
Measurement
Exact SUV columns. System output and estimated acceleration. MSRP excludes1150destination. Charger rating not vehicle peak; no temperature or battery basis. No sedan/year transfer. Complete table reviewed:explicit length,wheelbase,curb,mirror-labelled width;height only explicit inch cells. EQSSUV width including lacks inch mark,EQB350 height lacks unit;held. Battery gross/net,station-rated charging and time without temperature held. No EQB250plus identity inference or optional seven seats imported. Whole equipment sections reviewed0051: exact standard/optional package limits retained; no hands-free or unnamed platform inference.
Equipment scope
US2023 EQS450plus/4504MATIC/5804MATIC SUV exact EPA: ventilated front seats, wireless front charging and Driver Assistance Package standard. Heated wheel offered with optional Winter Package; heated rear seats optional Winter or Executive Rear Seat Package. Verify fitted equipment. Hands-off detection is not hands-free driving; generic wireless integration does not name phone platforms. No heat-pump or fixed seven-seat inference.
EQS 450 Plus (SUV) · Rear-Wheel Drive · Overall vehicle height

67.6 in · Mercedes-Benz USA

Snapshot sha256
d6757308c3037003ba1f1f547607f0757235018359a93f0382170db984d6c0e2
Reported trim
USMY23 EQS 450 Plus (SUV)
Measurement
Exact SUV columns. System output and estimated acceleration. MSRP excludes1150destination. Charger rating not vehicle peak; no temperature or battery basis. No sedan/year transfer. Complete table reviewed:explicit length,wheelbase,curb,mirror-labelled width;height only explicit inch cells. EQSSUV width including lacks inch mark,EQB350 height lacks unit;held. Battery gross/net,station-rated charging and time without temperature held. No EQB250plus identity inference or optional seven seats imported.
EQS 450 Plus (SUV) · Rear-Wheel Drive · Lane keeping assistance offered

Offered · Mercedes-Benz USA

Snapshot sha256
d31e840f10242b6d37265fbbd56010a459512541efddca0768e684d80298d5d9
Reported trim
USMY23 EQS 450 Plus (SUV)
Measurement
Exact SUV columns. System output and estimated acceleration. MSRP excludes1150destination. Charger rating not vehicle peak; no temperature or battery basis. No sedan/year transfer. Complete table reviewed:explicit length,wheelbase,curb,mirror-labelled width;height only explicit inch cells. EQSSUV width including lacks inch mark,EQB350 height lacks unit;held. Battery gross/net,station-rated charging and time without temperature held. No EQB250plus identity inference or optional seven seats imported. Whole equipment sections reviewed0051: exact standard/optional package limits retained; no hands-free or unnamed platform inference.
Equipment scope
US2023 EQS450plus/4504MATIC/5804MATIC SUV exact EPA: ventilated front seats, wireless front charging and Driver Assistance Package standard. Heated wheel offered with optional Winter Package; heated rear seats optional Winter or Executive Rear Seat Package. Verify fitted equipment. Hands-off detection is not hands-free driving; generic wireless integration does not name phone platforms. No heat-pump or fixed seven-seat inference.
EQS 450 Plus (SUV) · Rear-Wheel Drive · Overall vehicle length

201.8 in · Mercedes-Benz USA

Snapshot sha256
d6757308c3037003ba1f1f547607f0757235018359a93f0382170db984d6c0e2
Reported trim
USMY23 EQS 450 Plus (SUV)
Measurement
Exact SUV columns. System output and estimated acceleration. MSRP excludes1150destination. Charger rating not vehicle peak; no temperature or battery basis. No sedan/year transfer. Complete table reviewed:explicit length,wheelbase,curb,mirror-labelled width;height only explicit inch cells. EQSSUV width including lacks inch mark,EQB350 height lacks unit;held. Battery gross/net,station-rated charging and time without temperature held. No EQB250plus identity inference or optional seven seats imported.
EQS 450 Plus (SUV) · Rear-Wheel Drive · Source-listed base MSRP for the reported trim at verification date; not a current offer

104400 USD · Mercedes-Benz USA

Snapshot sha256
94dad63e98cfe8b786b2f0a0631459f7e2375ccec8d9273ed40ce2c8dc7f249c
Reported trim
USMY23 EQS 450 Plus (SUV)
Measurement
Exact SUV columns. System output and estimated acceleration. MSRP excludes1150destination. Charger rating not vehicle peak; no temperature or battery basis. No sedan/year transfer.
Verified on
2022-04-19
Price scope
Historic published starting MSRP for this powertrain; excludes delivery/destination and options.
EQS 450 Plus (SUV) · Rear-Wheel Drive · Reported vehicle system horsepower; not inferred from individual motors

355 hp · Mercedes-Benz USA

Snapshot sha256
d6757308c3037003ba1f1f547607f0757235018359a93f0382170db984d6c0e2
Reported trim
USMY23 EQS 450 Plus (SUV)
Measurement
Exact SUV columns. System output and estimated acceleration. MSRP excludes1150destination. Charger rating not vehicle peak; no temperature or battery basis. No sedan/year transfer. Complete table reviewed:explicit length,wheelbase,curb,mirror-labelled width;height only explicit inch cells. EQSSUV width including lacks inch mark,EQB350 height lacks unit;held. Battery gross/net,station-rated charging and time without temperature held. No EQB250plus identity inference or optional seven seats imported.
EQS 450 Plus (SUV) · Rear-Wheel Drive · Combined vehicle system output

265 kW · Mercedes-Benz USA

Snapshot sha256
94dad63e98cfe8b786b2f0a0631459f7e2375ccec8d9273ed40ce2c8dc7f249c
Reported trim
USMY23 EQS 450 Plus (SUV)
Measurement
Exact SUV columns. System output and estimated acceleration. MSRP excludes1150destination. Charger rating not vehicle peak; no temperature or battery basis. No sedan/year transfer.
EQS 450 Plus (SUV) · Rear-Wheel Drive · Maximum vehicle system torque

419 lb-ft · Mercedes-Benz USA

Snapshot sha256
94dad63e98cfe8b786b2f0a0631459f7e2375ccec8d9273ed40ce2c8dc7f249c
Reported trim
USMY23 EQS 450 Plus (SUV)
Measurement
Exact SUV columns. System output and estimated acceleration. MSRP excludes1150destination. Charger rating not vehicle peak; no temperature or battery basis. No sedan/year transfer.
EQS 450 Plus (SUV) · Rear-Wheel Drive · Ventilated seats offered; standard or optional status requires equipment check

Offered · Mercedes-Benz USA

Snapshot sha256
d31e840f10242b6d37265fbbd56010a459512541efddca0768e684d80298d5d9
Reported trim
USMY23 EQS 450 Plus (SUV)
Measurement
Exact SUV columns. System output and estimated acceleration. MSRP excludes1150destination. Charger rating not vehicle peak; no temperature or battery basis. No sedan/year transfer. Complete table reviewed:explicit length,wheelbase,curb,mirror-labelled width;height only explicit inch cells. EQSSUV width including lacks inch mark,EQB350 height lacks unit;held. Battery gross/net,station-rated charging and time without temperature held. No EQB250plus identity inference or optional seven seats imported. Whole equipment sections reviewed0051: exact standard/optional package limits retained; no hands-free or unnamed platform inference.
Equipment scope
US2023 EQS450plus/4504MATIC/5804MATIC SUV exact EPA: ventilated front seats, wireless front charging and Driver Assistance Package standard. Heated wheel offered with optional Winter Package; heated rear seats optional Winter or Executive Rear Seat Package. Verify fitted equipment. Hands-off detection is not hands-free driving; generic wireless integration does not name phone platforms. No heat-pump or fixed seven-seat inference.
EQS 450 Plus (SUV) · Rear-Wheel Drive · Distance between front and rear axle centers

126.4 in · Mercedes-Benz USA

Snapshot sha256
d6757308c3037003ba1f1f547607f0757235018359a93f0382170db984d6c0e2
Reported trim
USMY23 EQS 450 Plus (SUV)
Measurement
Exact SUV columns. System output and estimated acceleration. MSRP excludes1150destination. Charger rating not vehicle peak; no temperature or battery basis. No sedan/year transfer. Complete table reviewed:explicit length,wheelbase,curb,mirror-labelled width;height only explicit inch cells. EQSSUV width including lacks inch mark,EQB350 height lacks unit;held. Battery gross/net,station-rated charging and time without temperature held. No EQB250plus identity inference or optional seven seats imported.
EQS 450 Plus (SUV) · Rear-Wheel Drive · Vehicle width excluding mirrors

77.1 in · Mercedes-Benz USA

Snapshot sha256
d6757308c3037003ba1f1f547607f0757235018359a93f0382170db984d6c0e2
Reported trim
USMY23 EQS 450 Plus (SUV)
Measurement
Exact SUV columns. System output and estimated acceleration. MSRP excludes1150destination. Charger rating not vehicle peak; no temperature or battery basis. No sedan/year transfer. Complete table reviewed:explicit length,wheelbase,curb,mirror-labelled width;height only explicit inch cells. EQSSUV width including lacks inch mark,EQB350 height lacks unit;held. Battery gross/net,station-rated charging and time without temperature held. No EQB250plus identity inference or optional seven seats imported.
EQS 450 Plus (SUV) · Rear-Wheel Drive · Wireless phone charging offered; standard or optional status requires equipment check

Offered · Mercedes-Benz USA

Snapshot sha256
d31e840f10242b6d37265fbbd56010a459512541efddca0768e684d80298d5d9
Reported trim
USMY23 EQS 450 Plus (SUV)
Measurement
Exact SUV columns. System output and estimated acceleration. MSRP excludes1150destination. Charger rating not vehicle peak; no temperature or battery basis. No sedan/year transfer. Complete table reviewed:explicit length,wheelbase,curb,mirror-labelled width;height only explicit inch cells. EQSSUV width including lacks inch mark,EQB350 height lacks unit;held. Battery gross/net,station-rated charging and time without temperature held. No EQB250plus identity inference or optional seven seats imported. Whole equipment sections reviewed0051: exact standard/optional package limits retained; no hands-free or unnamed platform inference.
Equipment scope
US2023 EQS450plus/4504MATIC/5804MATIC SUV exact EPA: ventilated front seats, wireless front charging and Driver Assistance Package standard. Heated wheel offered with optional Winter Package; heated rear seats optional Winter or Executive Rear Seat Package. Verify fitted equipment. Hands-off detection is not hands-free driving; generic wireless integration does not name phone platforms. No heat-pump or fixed seven-seat inference.